Meaning of "MOTIVATION"
Motivation is the reason for people's actions, desires, and
needs. Motivation is also one's direction to behavior, or what causes a
person to want to repeat a behavior.
[1] A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.
[2]
According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of
the popular culture as few other psychological concepts are."
[3]
Types of theories and models:- Motivation theories can be classified on a number of bases:
- Natural vs. Rational: based on whether the underlying theory of human cognition
is based on natural forces (drives, needs, desires) or some kind of
rationality (instrumentality, meaningfulness, self-identity).
- Content vs. Process: based on whether the focus is on the content ("what") motivates vs process ("how") motivation takes place.
Neuroscience
Motivation as a desire to perform an action is usually defined as
having two parts, directional such as directed towards a positive
stimulus or away from a negative one, as well as the activated "seeking
phase" and consummatory "liking phase". This type of motivation has microbiological roots in the
basal ganglia, and mesolimbic
dopaminergic pathways.
Activated "seeking" behavior, such as locomotor activity is influenced
by dopaminergic drugs, and in micro dialysis reveals dopamine release
during anticipation of a reward.
[4] The "wanting behavior" associated with a rewarding stimulus can be increased by microinjections of
dopamine and dopaminergic drugs in the
dorsorostral nucleus accumbens and
posterior ventral palladium.
Opioid injections in this area produce pleasure, however outside of these hedonic hotspots they create an increased desire.
[5]
Furthermore, depletion or inhibition of DA in neurons of the nucleus
accumbens decreases appetitive but not consummatory behavior. Dopamine
is further implicated in motivation as administration of amphetamine
increased the break point in a progressive ratio self-reinforcement
schedule. That is, subjects were willing to go to greater lengths (e.g.
press a lever more times) to obtain a reward.
[6]
Psychological theories
Motivation
can be conceived of as a cycle in which thoughts influence behaviors,
behaviors drive performance, performance affects thoughts, and the cycle
begins again. Each stage of the cycle is composed of many dimensions
including attitudes, beliefs, intentions, effort, and withdrawal which
can all affect the motivation that an individual experiences. Most
psychological theories hold that motivation exists purely within the
individual, but
socio-cultural theories express motivation as an outcome of participation in actions and activities within the
cultural context of social groups.
[7]
var adfly_protocol = 'https'
Comments
Post a Comment